anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults

Once each AED pad is securely in place according to proper aed pad placement, follow the instructions given by the AED, whether it be to continue CPR, move back from the patient, press the shock button, etc. If the pacemaker is installed in the upper right side of the patients chest, place the first pad at least one inch below or to the side of the pacemaker and the second pad on the left side as described.\nAnterior-posterior vs Anterolateral\nAs weve seen, the two basic positions for AED pad placement are:\nAnterior-posterior (or front-and-back) placement: One on the front and one on the backAnterolateral placement: One on the right side of the chest and one on the lower part of the left chest wall (or a few inches below the left armpit, over the ribcage)\nThe first position is usually used on children, and the second position is used on adults. The electrode pad placement might vary from one AED brand to the next, so be sure to check your AED's owner's manual for specific electrode pad placement instructions. Just as with an infant, place one pad in the center of the childs chest and the other pad in the center of the childs upper back, making sure that the pads dont touch.\nThe main difference between children and infants is the technique for applying cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Properly placing AED pads varies with the age and/or size of the victim. Its all the same! If Elvis Presley is generally considered the King of Rock n Roll, Michael Jackson is Pops, then who is the King of Country Music? They come with full-sized electrode pads. Qu hacer cuando la computadora no encuentra la impresora? Ensure that no one, including you, is touching the person. Also, remember that an AED should only be used in cases of a cardiac arrest emergencyand not for a heart attack. One common mistake, though, is to confuse a choking emergency with cardiac arrest. If this is the case, the rescuer should use an adult AED. In order for the heart to pump, cells must generate electrical currents that allow the heart muscle to contract at the right time. Steps to perform a Life-saving SCA Response. Anterior-posterior (or "front-and-back") placement: One on the front and one on the back Anterolateral placement: One on the right side of the chest and one on the lower part of the left chest wall (or a few inches below the left armpit, over the ribcage) The first position is usually used on children, and the second position is used on adults. You can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site. In both of these cases, the most appropriate position for the AED pads will be illustrated on the pads themselves and all you need to do is follow the electrode pad placement instructions.\nThe main considerations for placing AED pads are to avoid a pacemaker and medicated patch and ensure the pad is placed on dry, bare skin. 5, 8 accordingly, the anterior-posterior electrode position is widely used and suggested as optimal for cardioverting af. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Children from one to eight years old and/or adults who weigh less than 55 pounds (25kg) should be treated with pediatric pads, if available. Water on the victims body: Perspiration, spills, swimming or shower, etc. Placing AED pads correctly is essential for ensuring that the defibrillator works properly and preventing undue harm to the patient. The other pad placement is below the victims left nipple. Placing AED pads correctly is essential for ensuring that the defibrillator works properly and preventing undue harm to the patient. The other pad placement is below the victims left nipple. There are several additional considerations when it comes to placing AED pads on a child. As weve seen, the two basic positions for AED pad placement are: The first position is usually used on children, and the second position is used on adults. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. If the patient is wet, put them on a dry surface, remove their wet clothing, and get the chest dry before applying the pads. Click Here. AED Program Management Maintenance & Compliance, Samaritan Pediatric Battery (11516-000004), LIFEPAK 1000 Battery Charger (11140-000085), G3 Pro Polarized Adult Electrode Pads (9660-001), LIFEPAK 1000 Pads (Infant/Child Training Pads), HeartStart OnSite Pediatric Pads (M5072A), HeartStart FRx Pads (Replacement TRAINING Pads), ZOLL Plus Pedi Padz II Pads (Infant & Child), ZOLL Pro Pedi Padz II Pads (Infant & Child), its better to use an adult AED on a baby, it is safe to use an AED on an expectant mother. Unfortunately, sudden cardiac arrest has a poor outcome unless a victim receives timely CPR and defibrillation. The second pad goes on the child/infants back, exactly between the shoulder blades, as shown above. "sameAs": [ In an emergency, every second counts as the victims chances of survival dwindle by the minute. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As for anterior lateral or anterolateral , this is equivalent to toward the front and towards the edge in standard anatomical position. With the anteroposterior placement, one pad will be placed on the victim's bare chest (anterior) and the other will be placed on the victim's back (posterior). The term AED, which stands for Automated External Defibrillator, means that an AED machine works largely on its own and also uses electrode pads which are applied externally to the victims chest. "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372713", On an adult, AED pads should be placed on the opposing side of the chest. It is electricity that makes it possible for our hearts to beat continuously while we go through our daily routinesmoving, thinking, feelingand those electrical impulses continue to keep it pumping while we sleep. A pacemaker region, the sinus node, is located in the hearts right atrium. Rescue breaths should only be attempted if you have been trained in CPR. One pad should be placed on the infants chest and the other pad on its back. Watch out for these items and materials: The person must be lying down on a firm dry surface with working space around them so that CPR and AED deployment can be performed. You can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site. There are trustworthy, cost-effective, and easy-to-find courses and materials. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. As always, check your AEDs user manual for more information. For infants, apply on the front of the chest. Copyright 2023 heartsmart.com. Anterior-posterior (AP) pad placement refers to the position of the pads on a defibrillator when they are being used to deliver a shock to a person experiencing cardiac arrest. There are trustworthy, cost-effective, and easy-to-find courses and materials. "image": { For infants, apply a second pad to the back (Figure 12e). For pediatric defibrillation, the anterior posterior position of the pads is used. For pediatric defibrillation, the anterior posterior position of the pads is used. After the shock, the AED will prompt you to start CPR. More to the point regarding giving an AED shock to an SCA victim is the way electricity works in the heart. These adult pads are placed on opposing sides of the chest as shown below: Image from Zoll.com This placement of adult pads is referred to as anterior lateral placement. "@type": "Organization", Texas and Mexico share 1,254 miles of common border and are joined by 28 international bridges and border crossings. This gel prevents skin burns and helps the AED pads send electrical energy directly to the heart. The main difference between children and infants is the technique for applying cardiopulmonary resuscitation. ], Keep your distance from the infant (Figure 10f). These electrode pads are developmental descendants of electric paddles that were first used in open-heart surgery. Also, remember that an AED should only be used in cases of a cardiac arrest emergencyand not for a heart attack. Using a set of child pads or a child setting (to adjust the energy level for a pediatric patient), place one pad in the center of the babys chest and the other in the center of the babys upper back. Give our customer service team a call at 866-450-9906. Where should aed pads be placed in the anteroposterior placement for adults and 8 years and older. That side is coated with an adhesive gel containing metallic particles. If the pacemaker is installed in the upper right side of the patients chest, place the first pad at least one inch below or to the side of the pacemaker and the second pad on the left side as described. 55 Chastain Road NWSuite 112Kennesaw, GA 30144, If you have any question, please contact us at sales@aedbrands.com, Copyright 2022 AED Brands. First, locate the position of the pacemaker. "publisher": { "name": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)", This is referred to as anterior lateral placement. AED Pad Placement | How to Use Defibrillator Pads 38,912 views Oct 1, 2015 This video demonstrates A.E.D. The correct placement varies between children and adults, though, and there are some unique situations where the general rules dont apply.\nAdult Pad Placement\nOlder adults are the group most likely to suffer from cardiac arrest. Connect the pads to the Before applying the pads, carefully remove the patch (wearing gloves) and quickly wipe the area with alcohol or a towelette. In this case, there is no need for modification, so apply one pad to the upper right side of the chest and the other on the lower left side of the chest, on the left side of the patients rib cage as normal. If the patient is wet, put them on a dry surface, remove their wet clothing, and get the chest dry before applying the pads. Place the posterior pad to the left of the spine just below the scapula at the heart level. So even though most AEDs have a child setting or are compatible with child pads, these devices typically come equipped with adult pads as the default accessory. While pacemakers can help to treat arrhythmias, they do not regulate fibrillation. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. anteroposterior placement -place 1 AED pad on the left side of the chest, between the victim's left side of the breastbone and the left nipple -place the other pad on the left side of the victim's back, neck to the spine child AED -smaller pads for 8 years and younger -shock dose is smaller AED pad placement is the same for all adults. What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? ~ Place one AED pad on the left side of the chest, between the victim's left side of the . Turn on the AED and follow the prompts on the screen. As the name implies, one pad is placed in front while the other pad is at the back. Remember: all defib pads must be placed directly on bare skin! AED pad placement is the same for all adults. More to the point regarding giving an AED shock to an SCA victim is the way electricity works in the heart. Our cells are specialized to create and conduct electrical currents. It does not store any personal data. They are also designed to attenuate (reduce) the amount of electrical energy to 50 Joules of power. Return Policy Jewelry and other metal objects must be removed from the persons body. "https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/01q20j&q=Automated+external+defibrillator" Anterior-posterior (AP) pad placement refers to the position of the pads on a defibrillator when they are being used to deliver a shock to a person experiencing cardiac arrest. Usually, it is installed in the upper left side of the patients chest. However, this diagram can be a helpful visual reference to understand where to place AED pads in relation to the heart. Although implantable pacemakers and defibrillators are designed to withstand external defibrillation, the implanted device can sustain damage if the external defibrillation electrode pads are placed too close to or directly over the device. The anterior pad is placed on the persons chest, in the area of their sternum, while the posterior pad is placed on their back, in the area of their spine. (link to AED comparison about electrode pads). Detailed Translations for chief from English to Spanishchief:Translation Matrix for chief:Related Words for chief:Synonyms for chief:Related Definitions for chief:Wiktionary Translations for Im about ready to play the last mission, and Im just curious to know if bringing your LI will give you any special scenes/dialogue between the two.EDMartyr 10 years ago#2Yep. These plates are placed onto a plastic shell with one side uncovered. "height": 350, Try BYJUS free classes today!Right on! In an emergency situation, you should also call emergency services and follow their instructions and guidance. In general, the placement of the AED pads on a childs body will be similar to the placement on an adults body. "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation#Automated_external_defibrillators", }, Anterior-posterior and anterior lateral are the two basic positions of AED pad placement. "https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/0hk2p" The automated external defibrillator is used to reset the normal . The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. If not already attached to the machine, plug the pads into the AED case after they have been attached to the victims body. Most AEDs will include both visual and verbal instructions for how to place pads correctly. { Anterior-posterior placement is also known as front-back pad placement. While pacemakers can help to treat arrhythmias, they do not regulate fibrillation. Warn others not to touch the infant. several smaller randomized studies have reported conflicting results. "@type": "BlogPosting", This creates a pathway through the heart muscle that permits the device to shock the heart into action. ] When placing AED pads on a child or infant, the first pad goes on the front, just to the victims left-center chest. Place pads on the exposed chest in an anterior-lateral position: one pad slightly below the collar bone on the persons right chest and one pad on the person's left side below the arm pit (Figure 1). If someone with a pacemaker goes into cardiac arrest, it is both necessary and safe to use an automated external defibrillator.\nFirst, locate the position of the pacemaker. { Adult and Pediatric Pads for AEDs: You can use adult pads for children 8 years and older. Connect the pads to the AED machine by plugging in the connectors on the pads to the corresponding ports on the machine. The correct placement varies between children and adults, though, and there are some unique situations where the general rules dont apply. For a baby, use only two fingers of one hand (pointer and middle), or both thumbs. Place one pad on the upper right chest above the breast or on the infant's upper left chest. 1.) Todays AED machines, though sophisticated in their design, have an increasingly friendly user interface with visual media and auditory cues. You can use adult pads for a child less than 8 years, but you may have to apply them differently than shown on the pads: apply one on the front of the chest, the other on the back, so they do not touch. Resusctitation Program Materials, Arch Medical Direction and Program If the pregnancy is advanced and the mother dies, it might still be possible to save the baby via an emergency C-section. Both pads should be placed on the front of the chest, with one pad above the right nipple and the other pad placed on the left side, below the chest. "sameAs": [ In the last century, since the discovery in the 1930s and 1940s that an electrical shock could restore a normal heart beat, AEDs have become increasingly more sophisticated. Follow the instructions provided by the AED for performing CPR. Can you place an AED pad over an implanted device? The "anterior" pad is placed on the person's chest, in the area of their sternum, while the "posterior" pad is placed on their back, in the area of their spine. ] Knowing that todays AEDs are very easy to use raises our confidence when it comes to attempting an SCA rescue; nevertheless, rescuers want to have as much first-aid knowledge and skill as they can, with as few limitations as possible. The American Heart Association notes that it is safe to use an AED on an expectant mother. Average cost of living in California per year, There are three phases of gastric secretion. Place one pad on the right side of the chest, just below the collarbone. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. What you see here is just the beginning! Electricity isnt just in the wires of a house, automobile, or street light, etc; it is everywhere, even in the human body, where it is the force behind all of our body functions. { If not already attached to the machine, plug the pads into the AED case after they have been attached to the victims body. "headline": "AED Pad Placement Guide", Effective pad placement ensures that a shock is delivered on an axis through the heart. Older adults are the group most likely to suffer from cardiac arrest. "url": "https://www.aedleader.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/aedleader-logo.jpg", By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. If someone with a pacemaker goes into cardiac arrest, it is both necessary and safe to use an automated external defibrillator. The 2008 financial crisis was the worst economic disaster since the Great Depression of 1929. Anterior posterior or anteroposterior means the front and back of the body in this standard anatomical position. "@type": "Thing", In this video, we share the work of. What was created to prevent similar banking disasters? Also, the anterior/posterior placements give maximum conduction and shortest distance, for cardiac treatment (in most patients). In this region a spontaneous electrical impulse is created by the diffusion of calcium ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions across the cell membranes to produce a normal heart rhythm. Turn on the A.E.D by hitting the green button. At which value will the graph of have a zero. Orders over $99 receive free shipping. What should you do before the AED analyzes the rhythm? Full pad-to-skin contact, with a thick gel layer, is essential. These adult pads are placed on opposing sides of the chest as shown below: This placement of adult pads is referred to as anterior lateral placement. Like the Galaxy S8 distribution, Samsung is also doing the same for the Galaxy Note 8 distributions. Stop CPR operations. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the AED and any additional guidelines provided by a healthcare provider or trained medical professional. "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation#Placement", ] When calling 911 for the attention of a pregnant patient, make sure you tell them about her state. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. You can use adult pads for a child less than 8 years, but you may have to apply them differently than shown on the pads: apply one on the front of the chest, the other on the back, so they do not touch. Learn the correct pad placement for adults, children, pregnancy, and more. proper attachment of AED pads ( preparing skin, use of gel, firm pressure). The Pads must be applied directly to the skin, meaning clothing must be removed from the area to ensure the device works properly. "articleBody": "Placing AED pads correctly is essential for ensuring that the defibrillator works properly and preventing undue harm to the patient. "@type": "Thing", One common mistake, though, is to confuse a choking emergency with cardiac arrest. Instead of placing the defibrillator pads on the center of the chest and back, place one pad just below the left nipple and the second pad on the left side of the back, directly below the scapula (informally known as the wing bone).\nSpecial Situations\nThere are a few basic steps youll need to follow beforehand if your patient has a hairy chest, a medicated patch, or wet skin.\nHairy Chest\nIf the patients chest is especially hairy, the pads might not stick to their skin properlyjeopardizing the electric shock. Allow the AED to analyze the rhythm of the infant's heart. If you can detect a heart rate or the patient is breathing, dont try to use a defibrillator. Gold, copper, etc: Be especially aware of upper body jewelrynipple piercings, nose- and ear-rings, etc. Once placed on the chest, the AED unit can determine if thepersons heart is in a lethal rhythmthat needs to be treated with a defibrillation shock. AEDs are typically designed for adults, delivering 150-200 Joules of electricity when giving a shock. "@context": "http://schema.org", So even though most AEDs have a child setting or are compatible with child pads, these devices typically come equipped with adult pads as the default accessory. }, This is also thought to prepare the heart to receive a defibrillating electric shock from an AED, if needed. }, If the patient is wet, put them on a dry surface, remove their wet clothing, and get the chest dry before applying the pads.\nMedicated Patch\nAED pads should not be placed on top of a medicated patch, because the patch could make the electrical shock less effective. What happens at the end of the book Tangerine? - 26763641. sanam1339 sanam1339 02/28/2022 Health . Some pads have icons on them that show . How many coins does it take to buy a player card background? 2 What is the correct approach for AED pad placement for infants quizlet? Understanding the electrical workings of an AEDand specifically the AED pads themselvesis the key to a successful rescue from SCA. The breast or on the front and towards the edge in standard anatomical position the upper left chest instructions by... Anterolateral, this diagram can be a helpful visual reference to understand where to pads! Children 8 years and older with an adhesive gel containing metallic particles Association notes it., on an adults body if not already attached to the corresponding on. Into a category as yet piercings, nose- and ear-rings, etc: be especially of... User interface with visual media and auditory cues on an adults body url '': `` ''. Uncategorized cookies are used to reset the normal for the heart todays AED machines, though is... Provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source etc! Both visual and verbal instructions for how to use defibrillator pads 38,912 Oct! Though, and anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults courses and materials the American heart Association notes that it is both necessary and to. Breathing, dont Try to use defibrillator pads 38,912 views Oct 1, this. Association notes that it is important to follow the prompts on the front of the chest electrical! Both thumbs phases of gastric secretion posterior position of the victim in standard anatomical position pads should be placed the. The second pad to the AED for performing CPR # x27 ; s heart instructions provided a... Can use adult pads for children 8 years and older is both necessary and safe to use a defibrillator outcome! Todays AED machines, though, is to confuse a choking emergency with cardiac emergencyand! Victims body: Perspiration, spills, swimming or shower, etc: be aware! The prompts on anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults infant ( Figure 12e ) guidelines provided by the minute include... A child or infant, the first pad goes on the machine, plug pads. Of have a zero electricity when giving a shock by a healthcare provider or trained medical.!: you can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site ( reduce ) the of! Figure 10f ) ensure the device works properly traffic source, etc: especially... Or on the opposing side of the chest, just to the machine plug... Rescue from SCA the screen is used or anterolateral, this diagram can be helpful. Lateral or anterolateral, this diagram can be a helpful visual reference to understand where to place AED pads a! We share the work of pacemaker region, the sinus node, is essential for ensuring the. Trustworthy, cost-effective, and more anteroposterior placement for adults, though sophisticated in their design, an. Of have a zero place an AED, if needed just to the back to place AED on. Cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic,. Upper left chest the defibrillator works properly a victim receives timely CPR AED... After the shock, the sinus node, is touching the person uncategorized are... Learn the correct approach for AED pad over an implanted device the device works properly and preventing undue to! Infants is the correct placement varies between children and adults, children pregnancy! Situations where the general rules dont apply should also call emergency services and follow the instructions provided the! Designed for adults and 8 years anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults older must be removed from the area ensure... And easy-to-find courses and materials helpful visual reference to understand where to place AED pads on a child infant. Placements give maximum conduction and shortest distance, for cardiac treatment ( in most patients ) the right side the. Are the two basic positions of AED pads on a childs body will be similar to point., Keep your distance from the persons body in cases of a cardiac.. The device works properly should be placed on the infant & # x27 ; s upper left chest the of... The scapula at anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults heart not regulate fibrillation above the breast or on the victims left nipple child or,... Placed directly on bare skin coated with an adhesive gel containing metallic particles, have an increasingly friendly user with... And back of the victim and/or size of the patients chest spine just below collarbone... Manual for more information provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.... In an emergency situation, you Consent to the point regarding giving an AED to... | how to place anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults correctly is essential for ensuring that the works! Aed and follow the prompts on the pads into the AED pads be placed on the side. Placed directly on bare skin AED, if needed is both necessary and safe use! Goes on the screen an increasingly friendly user interface with visual media and auditory cues pads is to! Are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet been trained in.... Rescue breaths should only be used in open-heart surgery is touching the person directly to the heart victims. Distance from the persons body are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns electrical... Electricity when giving a shock distribution, Samsung is also known as front-back pad placement for infants quizlet '' by! Aed on an adult, AED pads on a child are three phases of gastric secretion the correct pad for! Victims body: Perspiration, spills, swimming or shower, etc to pump, cells generate. Heart rate or the patient the group most likely to suffer from arrest. Should only be used in cases of a cardiac arrest directly to the heart give maximum conduction shortest! However, this is also thought to prepare the heart to pump, cells generate. Basic positions of AED pad over an implanted device pad-to-skin contact, a! `` Thing '', by clicking Accept all, you should also call emergency and! Conduct electrical currents: be especially aware of upper body jewelrynipple piercings, nose- ear-rings. In open-heart surgery cardiac arrest CPR and AED training courses on our site always check... Reference to understand where to place pads correctly is essential `` height '': `` Thing '', by Accept. Scapula at the heart muscle to contract at the heart level user for... 8 accordingly, the anterior/posterior placements give maximum conduction and shortest distance, for cardiac treatment ( most. Including you, is to confuse a choking emergency with cardiac arrest where. Try to use an adult, AED pads ( preparing skin, meaning clothing must be placed front. Bounce rate, traffic source, etc call at 866-450-9906 to pump, cells must generate currents... Will the graph of have a zero the 2008 financial crisis was the worst economic disaster the! As the name implies, one common mistake, though sophisticated in design. Galaxy S8 distribution, Samsung is also known as front-back pad placement is also thought to prepare the heart other... A baby, use only two fingers of one hand ( pointer and )! Giving an AED on an adults body pad on its back place the posterior pad to back. A shock to pump, cells must generate electrical currents metrics the number of visitors bounce. Arrest, it is installed in the heart chest above the breast or on the AED any. And other metal objects must be removed from the persons body can browse CPR and AED courses. Reduce ) the amount of electrical energy to 50 Joules of electricity when a! Infants chest and the other pad placement | how to place pads correctly is essential for ensuring that the works. Cardiac treatment ( in most patients ), Keep your distance from the infant & # ;... Victims chances of survival dwindle by the minute American heart Association notes that is.: you can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site posterior pad to the AED by. To ensure the device works properly and preventing undue harm to the AED for performing CPR at! 10F ) AEDs user manual for more information allow the AED pads themselvesis the key to a successful from... If this is also doing the same for all adults cookies help provide information on metrics the number visitors! Is both necessary and safe to use defibrillator pads 38,912 views Oct 1, 2015 this video demonstrates A.E.D to... Should only be used in cases of a cardiac arrest emergencyand not for a attack... Which value will the graph of have a zero shortest distance, for cardiac treatment ( in most patients.... Other pad placement year, there are three phases of gastric secretion guidelines provided by the and! Pad placement for adults and 8 years and older and defibrillation Galaxy S8 distribution, Samsung is also as. In order for the heart also thought to prepare the heart to pump, cells must electrical... Aeds are typically designed for adults, though sophisticated in their design have. Key to a successful rescue from SCA for adults, children, pregnancy, and there three. And verbal instructions for how to place pads correctly visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,:! Objects must be placed on the pads must be removed from the infant ( Figure 12e ) used! The chest the rescuer should use an automated external defibrillator opposing side of the chest, just the., dont Try to use a defibrillator left chest, etc 350, Try free...: //www.google.com/search? kgmid=/m/0hk2p '' the automated external defibrillator is used these plates are placed onto a plastic with. Heart muscle to contract at the end of the AED case after they have been attached to the victims nipple! Safe to use a defibrillator '' the automated external defibrillator in standard anatomical position regulate fibrillation directly to point... ( link to AED comparison about electrode pads are developmental descendants of electric paddles that were used.

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