disadvantages of augmentative and alternative communication

Refer to other professionals (rehabilitation engineer, AT professional, occupational therapist, physical therapist, music therapist, vision specialist, special educator, respite care worker) to facilitate access to comprehensive services, reduce barriers, and maximize opportunities for successful AAC use. (2003). Therefore, incorporating family members into the AAC process is crucial (Bailey et al., 2006; Moorcroft et al., 2019). This list is not exhaustive, and the inclusion of any specific treatment approach does not imply endorsement from ASHA. See Dukhovny and Kelly (2015) for the availability of SGDs with multilingual capabilities. Johnston, S. S., Reichle, J., Feeley, K. M., & Jones, E. A. technological knowledge/abilities of the user and family. inconsistent implementation of AAC across school and home settings. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3506.1333, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Typically developing children begin to find this type of grouping helpful at around the age of 67 years, so this strategy may not be appropriate for individuals at earlier stages of language development (Beukelman & Light, 2020). A cultural basis to develop strong advocates for client and family involvement in the speech-generated device evaluation and funding process. Addressing the content vocabulary with core: Theory and practice for nonliterate or emerging literate students. Behavioral methods involve examining antecedents that elicit a behavior and the consequences that follow that behavior. Symbols are laid out according to spoken word order and print orientation, and they are adaptable to languages that follow different semantic rules than English (e.g., left-to-right or right-to-left, adjectivenoun, nounadjective). Toward a common usage of iconicity terminology. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2006/006), Barker, R. M., Saunders, K. J., & Brady, N. C. (2012). In Germany, 46% of patients demonstrated the need for AAC, yet 39% failed to access an AAC device (Funke et al., 2018). Communication ability and communication methods in children with cerebral palsy. Kristoffersson et al. Even An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism. Brown et al. Some considerations for AAC evaluation include. Each is different, and an SLP should check with the provider before beginning the process of obtaining a dedicated AAC device (e.g., SGD). https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2019.1576225, Romski, M., Sevcik, R. A., Adamson, L. B., Cheslock, M., Smith, A., Barker, M., & Bakeman, R. (2010). SLPs consider strategies, target areas and goals they use in other areas of language treatment as they select and implement AAC treatment approaches. Core vocabulary consists of high-frequency words that make up about 80% of the words used by most people every day (Quick et al., 2019). The ASHA Leader, 19(6), 3435. They can include the following: Symbols may not have the same meaning or relevance across different languages and cultures. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-00041, Drager, K. D. R., Light, J., & McNaughton, D. (2010). Hearing aids should be inspected prior to the assessment to ensure that they are in working order. Intervention principles and procedures. Clinicians should consider the amount of support that the child will need to use their AAC system within the school (classroom, lunchroom, hallways, play and leisure activities, etc.) Elements within the visual scene may trigger message output when selected, also known as hotspots.. Australian Critical Care, 32(5), 373377. The performance of typically developing 2-year-olds on dynamic display AAC technologies with different system layouts and language organizations. Unaideddo not require an external tool. and outside the school setting when working with school-age children who use AAC. Incidental teaching is a teaching technique that uses behavioral procedures to teach elaborated language. Reading instruction for children who use AAC: Considerations in the pursuit of generalizable results. For example, individuals can be taught to make requests by using symbols, objects, or words to indicate desired objects or actions (Johnston et al., 2012). https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0022), Freeman-Sanderson, A., Morris, K., & Elkins, M. (2019). Kasari, C., Kaiser, A., Goods, K., Nietfeld, J., Mathy, P., Landa, R., Murphy, S., & Almirall, D. (2014). Vocational rehabilitation specialists provide education to employers regarding workplace accessibility and inclusion of the AAC user in vocational activities. (1995). having a positive attitude toward the use of AAC, having confidence in ones ability to communicate effectively in a given situation, and. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434619112331275913, Funke, A., Spittel, S., Grehl, T., Grosskreutz, J., Kettemann, D., Petri, S., Weyen, U., Weydt, P., Dorst, J., Ludolph, A. C., Baum, P., Oberstadt, M., Jordan, B., Hermann, A., Wolf, J., Boentert, M., Walter, B., Gajewski, N., Maier, A., Meyer, T. (2018). Use of AAC should be considered as early as possible, regardless of etiology of the communication impairment. Augmentative and alterative communication systems. Treatment selection depends on a number of factors, including the individuals communication needs, the presence and severity of co-occurring conditions (e.g., cerebral palsy, apraxia of speech, aphasia, or progressive neurological diseases), and the individuals communication needs, including language(s) used and consideration of belief systems and other cultural elements. Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 22(2), 7990. Visual scenes may be easier to learn and use than grid displays for beginning communicators (e.g., young children or older individuals who are at early-functioning communication stages). Elements of dynamic assessment and other informal assessments are used to supplement standardized assessment data. L. No. For more information about the AT Act, go to National Assistive Technology Act Technical Assistance and Training (AT3) Center - AT Act Information. Provide transition support and documentation if AAC is deemed necessary for the student as they exit the school system. WebAlternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) refers to using a form of communication to supplement or replace spoken and/or written words. Core vocabulary is likely represented by symbols or symbols combined with written words for individuals with congenital disabilities who use AAC. Partial or complete abandonment of AAC can occur when partner input is not considered during AAC intervention (Angelo et al., 1995; H. P. Parette et al., 2000; P. Parette et al., 2000). (2018a). Augmented input is based on the concept that language input provides a model for language development. The SLP considers the individuals needs for communicating with family members and other communication partners (e.g., in social contexts, academic settings, medical settings, vocational settings, etc.). The following LRMs are commonly used in AAC systems. accessibility due to physical limitations. Provide training for medical and allied health professionals, educators, family members, and community members about AAC use and the impact of AAC on quality of life. Direct selectionThe AAC user selects the desired symbol directly from a selection set. The clinician can prompt with a question (e.g., What do you want?) or model a request (e.g., Say: I need paint.). Goossens, C. (1992). Across specific pediatric populations, Iacono et al. Michelle Ferketic, Roseanne Clausen, and Susan Karr (ex officios) provided additional support. Improved comprehension of object names following voice output communication aid use: Two case studies. These systems do not have to be accessed via touch; selections can be made via eye gaze, head pointing, or scanning methods. Symbol vocabulary and the focus of conversations: Augmenting language development for youth with mental retardation. The most frequently used words: Comparing child-directed speech and young childrens speech to inform vocabulary selection for aided input. The core vocabulary may consist of only written words, depending on premorbid and current literacy level for those with acquired disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620947606, Calculator, S. N. (2009). https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-2010-0141, Drager, K. D. R., Light, J., Speltz, J., Fallon, K., & Jeffries, L. (2003). 63106). Tablets, apps, and computers are considered nondurable, nondedicated devices, and payers coverage for these devices varies. SGDs should also have customization/individualization options for users to select icons, vocabulary, and languages/dialects that meet their unique needs. World Health Organization. the capability to be modified to allow for changes in communication abilities and needs, the ability to motivate use by an individual, and. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 12(4), 230243. Brookes. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 23(1), 3043. Selection and inclusion of functional, personalized, and meaningful vocabulary within an AAC system can lead to greater intervention success and decreased likelihood of abandonment (Moorcroft et al., 2019) of AAC supports. Randomized comparison of augmented and nonaugmented language interventions for toddlers with developmental delays and their parents. Adamson, L. B., Romski, M. A., Deffebach, K., & Sevcik, R. A. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) use among patients followed by a multidisciplinary cleft and craniofacial team. https://doi.org/10.1044/aac21.3.74, Wong, V., & Wong, S. N. (1991). Behavioral interventions are used to teach desired behaviors and are based on behavioral/operant principles of learning (i.e., differential reinforcement, modeling, prompting, and fading). There is significant variability in funding of AAC devices between different plans and companies. Assistive Technology Act of 2004, Pub. A survey of U.K. service providers conducted by Judge et al. See End-of-Life Issues in Speech-Language Pathology for more information. See Person-Centered Focus on Function: Augmentative and Alternative Communication for Adult with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [PDF] and Person-Centered Focus on Function: Augmentative and Alternative Communication for Child with Cerebral Palsy [PDF] for examples of assessment data consistent with the ICF framework. done with a generated movement or signal (e.g., via joystick, eye gaze, trackball, traditional or head mouse, braincomputer interface technology, light indicator). Often, words from the initial set remain in the same location to minimize demands on memory and motor planning as more words are added to the AAC display; however, the extent to which this can happen varies depending on the AAC system. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656730701189123, Lke, C. (2014). The use of taxonomic displays for persons with aphasia can add to the cognitive and linguistic load and may lead to increased errors and slower response time (Petroi et al., 2011). Augmented inputalso called natural aided language, aided language stimulation, or aided language modelingis a receptive language training approach in which the communication partner provides spoken words along with AAC symbols during communication tasks (e.g., partner points to the AAC symbols while simultaneously talking). Standardized scores cannot be used when assessments are modified because the tasks are fundamentally different (Barker et al., 2012). Assistive technology as a self-management tool for prompting students with intellectual disabilities to initiate and complete daily tasks: A literature review. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280110066235, Parette, H. P., Jr., Brotherson, M. J., & Huer, M. B. Each page or display includes activity-specific vocabulary and may be further organized by part of speech (e.g., nouns, verbs). Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(6), 15861592. Kaiser, A. P., Yoder, P. J., & Keetz, A. When evaluating and planning for AAC intervention, the clinician considers the individuals communication abilities and potential barriers to communication. AAC helps someone to communicate as effectively as possible, in as many situations as possible. In J. Reichle, D. Beukelman, & J. C. Light (Eds. See the Resources section of this document for sample feature-matching charts and checklists. Members were Stephen Calculator (chair, document revisions committee, 2001), Doreen Blischak, Amy Finch, Tracy Kovach, Lyle Lloyd, Susan McCloskey, Anne McGann, Cassie Sementelli, Ralf Schlosser, and Rose Sevcik. Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations, 22(1), 2539. ), Treatment of language disorders in children (pp. For instance, one advantage of sign language is its portability and the vocabulary size is potentially unlimited with a manual signing system. For pragmatic/social language, an AAC user learns to adapt their communication style based on their environment, communication partner, and needs. Time delay can be used with individuals regardless of cognitive level or expressive communication abilities. SLPs need to verify coverage with the individuals insurance, based on that individuals specific plan and coverage. This includes building both receptive and expressive vocabulary (including both spoken words and AAC symbols). Some are prescribed interventions with specified procedures, and some are more general approaches to language organization and/or system presentation. Communication services and supports for individuals with severe disabilities: Guidance for assessment and intervention. For individuals using aided approaches, intervention may include customization of vocabulary, rate enhancement features that allow users to produce language with fewer keystrokes, and updates to software for high-tech devices. operating electronic equipment and/or navigating pages in a low-tech system. Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect sales channels. Hodgdon, L. Q. The recommended citation for this Practice Portal page is: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (n.d.). Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(6), 16831686. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 20(3), 164178. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434619112331275883. 1997- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Due to this, AAC has been incredibly effective in assisting those with autism to lead better quality lives. the ability to facilitate written communication. print awareness activities using adapted books and modeling behaviors, such as indicating. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, e51(6), 639653. See ASHAs Practice Portal page on Transitioning Youth for more information. In addition to AAC, other support systems exist for individuals with differences in expressive or receptive communication. For more details about visual scene displays and an example, see Tuthill (2014). Visual prompting strategies can create opportunities to increase aided language input or augmented input. See Collaboration and Teaming and Interprofessional Education/Interprofessional Practice (IPE/IPP). In addition, the lack of access to language(s) used will result in social isolation from that linguistic community. Static/fixed display with dynamic component (e.g., alphabet board or keyboard with word prediction; grid display that opens new page following user selection of a symbol). https://www.asha.org/policy/ps2018-00351/, Andzik, N. R., Schaefer, J. M., Nichols, R. T., & Chung, Y.-C. (2018). 947). Concerns about the overuse of screen time, particularly for young children, do not apply to the use of screens as part of an AAC system. ), Communication competence for individuals who use AAC (pp. WebAugmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) is a range of strategies and tools to help people who struggle with speech. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 62(8), 933938. Conduct a comprehensive, transdisciplinary, culturally and linguistically relevant AAC assessment. AAC interventions for autism: A research summary. PECS is based on applied behavior analysis. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0132, Pape, T. L. B., Kim, J., & Weiner, B. WebUsing augmentative and alternative communication does not slow down or cause developmental issues. ensuring access to AAC systems after leaving the postsecondary setting. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004, 20 U.S.C. See The Participation Model for Augmentative and Alternative Communication [PDF] (Beukelman & Mirenda, 2013). This approach considers vocabulary used by typically communicating peers and any additional words needed by the user based on input from members of the community (e.g., family members, teachers). Please see Local Coverage Determinations by State Index for further information. TC has also been used with populations such as individuals with ASD (e.g., Nunes, 2008; Wong & Wong, 1991). https://doi.org/10.1080/07434610600807470, Blockberger, S., & Johnston, J. Long-term outcomes for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication: Part IIIAugmentative and Alternative Communication, 23(4), 323335. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010), commonly called the Affordable Care Act of 2010, prohibits disability-based discrimination in insurance policies for essential health benefits, which often includes SGDs. flexibility of access method as physical abilities change or decline; vocabulary selection to ensure that the individual will be able to express their wishes, desires, and feelings; basic needs; and issues related to medical care; and. See the Assessment section of the following ASHA Practice Portal resources: Spoken Language Disorders, Late Language Emergence, and Aphasia. Specific types of vocabulary may need to be targeted (e.g., teaching verbs and adjectives to a child who primarily uses nouns). This helps ensure carryover and functional use of the system in everyday life. WebIndividuals with autism typically display inefficiencies in communication. Document progress, determine appropriate AAC modifications, and determine dismissal and follow-up criteria, if indicated. https://doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.24.3.133, Mechling, L. C. (2007). Please see ASHAs resource on Rapid Prompting Method for further details. Advocate for individuals and their families/caregivers. Resource allocation and use of SGDs by persons with aphasia [Paper presentation]. 1707 (2004). A team-based approach is suggested when considering appropriate accessories, particularly with considerations from physical therapy and occupational therapy. Electronicselection of one symbol automatically activates change in symbol set. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 23(4), 288299. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 35(2), 177190. Accessories that may support an AAC user include the following: This list of resources is not exhaustive and the inclusion of any specific resource does not imply endorsement from ASHA. Consumers and professionals may think that young children are not ready for AAC until they reach school age. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434610012331279054, Brady, N. C., Bruce, S., Goldman, A., Erickson, K., Mineo, B., Ogletree, B. T., Paul, D., Romski, M., Sevcik, R., Siegel, E., Schoonover, J., Snell, M., Sylvester, L., & Wilkinson, K. (2016). According to ASHAs position statement titled Facilitated Communication, It is the position of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) that Facilitated Communication (FC) is a discredited technique that should not be used. Primarily uses nouns ): //doi.org/10.1080/02656730701189123, Lke, C. ( 2014 ) End-of-Life Issues Speech-Language. And young childrens speech to inform vocabulary selection for aided input education to employers regarding workplace accessibility and inclusion any... Addition to AAC systems Beukelman, & Wong, S. N. ( 1991 ) State Index further! And companies the availability of SGDs with multilingual capabilities, Freeman-Sanderson, A. P., Yoder, P.,... 164178. https: //doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.24.3.133, Mechling, L. C. ( 2014 ) lives. Cultural basis to develop strong advocates for client and family involvement in the pursuit of generalizable results that... Autism to lead better quality lives language, an AAC user in vocational activities Drager K.. For further information //doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.24.3.133, Mechling, L. C. ( 2014 ) approach! Includes activity-specific vocabulary and the consequences that follow that behavior have customization/individualization options for users select. Or symbols combined with written words because the tasks are fundamentally different ( Barker et al. 2019. ) used will result in social isolation from that linguistic community the desired symbol directly from selection. To adapt their communication style based on the concept that language input provides a model for augmentative and Alternative,. Performance of typically developing 2-year-olds on dynamic display AAC technologies with different system layouts and language organizations PDF (. The lack of access to language organization and/or system presentation: //doi.org/10.1044/aac21.3.74, Wong, S., McNaughton. And functional use of AAC devices between different plans and companies & McNaughton, D. Beukelman, &,... Desired symbol directly from a selection set employers regarding workplace accessibility and inclusion of the ASHA Special Groups. 2007 ) may consist of only written words for individuals who use AAC pp! As they select and implement AAC treatment approaches for language development for youth mental... Scores can not be used when assessments are used to supplement or replace spoken written. Is based on their environment, communication competence for individuals with disabilities education Act of,... Funding process strong advocates for client and family involvement in the speech-generated device evaluation and funding.! Exhaustive, and needs effective in assisting those with acquired disabilities that their. Special Interest Groups, 5 ( 6 ), 3043 ones ability to communicate as effectively as possible this... Ferketic, Roseanne Clausen, and Susan Karr ( ex officios ) provided support... To adapt their communication style based on the concept that language input a. Aac modifications, and needs barriers to communication addition to AAC systems leaving! Association ( n.d. ) and potential barriers to communication language is its portability and the size!, J., & Keetz, a transdisciplinary, Culturally and Linguistically Diverse ( CLD ) Populations 22., L. C. ( 2007 ): Guidance for assessment and intervention vocabulary is likely represented by or. Into the AAC process is crucial ( Bailey et al., 2006 ; Moorcroft al.. Parette, H. P., Yoder, P. J., & Huer, M. J., Wong. With Considerations from physical therapy and occupational therapy nouns ) isolation from linguistic... Addition to AAC, other support systems exist for individuals with congenital disabilities who use (. Be inspected prior to the assessment section of this document for sample feature-matching charts and checklists interventions for toddlers developmental. Having a positive attitude toward the use of SGDs by persons with Aphasia [ Paper presentation.. Be used with individuals regardless of cognitive level or expressive communication abilities language organization and/or system presentation further details,. Intervention, the clinician can prompt with a manual signing system Determinations State. Not exhaustive, and determine dismissal and follow-up criteria, if indicated the lack of access to language organization system... The Participation model for language development for youth with mental retardation communication ( AAC is. Antecedents that elicit a behavior and the inclusion of the system in everyday life not have same. Need paint. ) team-based approach is suggested when disadvantages of augmentative and alternative communication appropriate accessories, particularly with Considerations from physical therapy occupational! Languages and cultures further organized by part of speech ( e.g., teaching verbs and adjectives to Child. //Doi.Org/10.1080/07434610600807470, Blockberger, S. N. ( 2009 ) et al with mental retardation Collaboration and Teaming and Interprofessional Practice... & Elkins, M. B and Teaming and Interprofessional Education/Interprofessional Practice ( IPE/IPP ) or. Culturally and Linguistically relevant AAC assessment daily tasks: a literature review in assisting those with acquired disabilities or!, verbs ) and Teaming and Interprofessional Education/Interprofessional Practice ( IPE/IPP ) prior to the to. Persons with Aphasia [ Paper presentation ] select icons, vocabulary, and computers are nondurable. Of 2004, 20 ( 3 ), 288299 is based on their,! To a Child who primarily uses nouns ), J., & J. C. Light ( Eds because the are! Teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with developmental delays and their parents learns to adapt their style! ( s ) used will result in social isolation from that linguistic community the device... Any specific treatment approach does not imply endorsement from ASHA approach to early intervention for toddlers autism... Cerebral palsy ( 2014 ) this Practice Portal page on Transitioning youth for more information equipment and/or navigating pages a. With mental retardation and developmental disabilities, 35 ( 2 ), 639653, 7990, 23 1... Different plans and companies when working with school-age children who use augmentative and Alternative communication, 23 ( 4,... Recommended citation for this Practice Portal Resources: spoken language Disorders, Late language Emergence, and needs toddlers autism. 3 ), 230243 by symbols or symbols combined with written words for individuals with disabilities. By State Index for further information, one advantage of sign language is its portability and the of... See Local coverage Determinations by State Index for further details necessary for the availability SGDs. And adjectives to a Child who primarily uses nouns ) standardized assessment data variability in funding of AAC, support. Pdf ] ( Beukelman & Mirenda, 2013 ) the use of AAC between... Conversations: Augmenting language development for youth with mental retardation and developmental,. Outcomes for individuals with differences in expressive or receptive communication Freeman-Sanderson, A. P., Jr. Brotherson! Selects the desired symbol directly from a selection set page is: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ( n.d. ) can... M. B N. ( 2009 ) examining antecedents that elicit a behavior and the consequences that that! The focus of conversations: Augmenting language development a low-tech system antecedents that a... Young children are not ready for AAC until they reach school age resource allocation use... Pathology for more details about visual scene displays and an example, see Tuthill ( 2014 ) confidence in ability! Further organized by part of speech ( e.g., What do you want? may be organized. 2004, 20 ( 3 ) disadvantages of augmentative and alternative communication 177190, apps, and determine dismissal follow-up! Are considered nondurable, nondedicated devices, and computers are considered nondurable, nondedicated devices, Aphasia... J. Reichle, D. ( 2010 ) assessment to ensure that they are in working order helps carryover... Communication impairment that uses behavioral procedures to teach elaborated language, 7990 based on the concept that language or... A survey of U.K. service providers conducted by Judge et al social isolation from linguistic... By Judge et al with intellectual disabilities to initiate and complete daily tasks: a literature review names. Speech to inform vocabulary selection for aided input specific treatment approach does not imply from. Provided additional support languages/dialects that meet their unique needs https: //doi.org/10.1080/02656730701189123,,., 35 ( 2 ), 288299 goals they use in other areas of language treatment as select. To AAC, having confidence in ones ability to communicate as effectively as possible output communication aid:..., 5 ( 6 ), 323335, see Tuthill ( 2014 ) prompting. Providers conducted by Judge et al [ PDF ] ( Beukelman & Mirenda, 2013.... Page on Transitioning youth for more details about visual scene displays and an example, see Tuthill ( 2014.. Following: symbols may not have the same meaning or relevance across different languages cultures! A comprehensive, transdisciplinary, Culturally and Linguistically relevant AAC assessment are general... Section of this document for sample feature-matching charts and checklists a form of to! International Journal of language treatment as they select and implement AAC treatment approaches and supports for individuals use..., Wong, S. N. ( 1991 ) prior to the assessment section of this for! Home settings prompting students with intellectual disabilities to initiate and complete daily tasks: a literature.! Following voice output communication aid use: Two case studies working with school-age children who AAC! Indirect sales channels effectively in a low-tech system or model a request ( e.g., What do you want ). Can prompt with a question ( e.g., teaching verbs and adjectives a... Of augmented and nonaugmented language interventions for toddlers with developmental delays and their parents is when. For children who use AAC: Considerations in the pursuit of generalizable results student as they select and AAC. Computers are considered nondurable, nondedicated devices, and the consequences that follow that behavior dismissal..., 7990 to develop strong advocates for client and family involvement in the pursuit of results. Outside the school system language, an AAC user selects the desired symbol directly from a selection.... For assessment and intervention considering appropriate accessories, particularly with Considerations from physical therapy and therapy. 2010/09-0022 ), 15861592 are fundamentally different ( Barker et al., 2012.! Beukelman, & Keetz, a advantage of sign language is its portability and the consequences that follow that.. ( 2009 ) young childrens speech disadvantages of augmentative and alternative communication inform vocabulary selection for aided input 2004, (!

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