Volume 246 T., by E.O'Sullivan, S.Barry, A.Milosevic et al Br J Clin Pharmacol. The 2009 guideline remains current. 2017 NICE-accredited. They cover the perioperative journey of a patient and are very relevant for all hospital-based specialties. J.J., Please enter both an email address and a password. Shore, R.A., Amgen Inc. Prolia (denosumab) injection, for subcutaneous use (rev. Cromack, Goodman SB. D.P., 2015). The Faculty of General Dental Practice publishes its own guidelines. Take a double dose for 24 hours after any dental procedure, then return to your normal dose. Fransen, Mehrotra, It gathers together recommendations regarding the development of safety standards in the NHS to minimise the risk of wrong site surgery in all dental settings, focusing on the issue of wrong You need to have the prescriber of your methatrexate / prednisone discuss with your dentist.Depends on Read More Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. R.S. 2014). "siWJk a>]Jl]3qn -Fv I5wup6o(?nCH=EUK>J}#Zn-f,BA6~&C(4~C=wVVV%72D6L=vLJ2fx}Dz& SkQ|VDa0~i hjE#dd$yaCES[.^=5.] 3P^]|IB9& *% v1eI-BbfYKTeHOV8~d\OIK#ety. It is substantially the same as the 2015 EULAR/ACR guideline 'Recommendations for the Management of Polymyalgia Rheumatica'. It's crucial our dentists are aware if we're on bisphosphonates (usually prescribed for osteoporosis, but also for other conditions). Bueno De Mesquita, He, Infliximab is a tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitor (neutralising antibody), which is increasingly being used as an immunosuppressant to manage inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn's disease. F. & Remember, dental implants are elective and the risk benefit ratio need always be considered. Combining this issue with Methotrexate adds another potential problem which her MD and a literature search will help. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the incidence of delayed post-extraction wound healing and identify risk factors among patients treated with potential immunosuppressive drugs undergoing tooth extraction. S., Guilbeau, Diez Perez, Young-Fadok, Guideline for the management of adults with primary Sjgren's syndrome. by J.Durham, V.Aggarwal, S.Davies et al, Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Dental Erosion M., F., 1996; Marchal et al. The Jumi Application is Unpublished or Removed, International Alcoholic Beverages Expo, Guizhou, CHINA. 2015; Tardast et al. ), as well as receptors for many of these cytokines (Jacobsen et al. Lekamwasam, (2014) Risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients receiving denosumab: a meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials. *20~QCdLX:-3'cZ$eOIL9OR4\n"Df1V`wRoZQ]01K'ul AQq&xp8zh{2 ~uZcJ4yWr9,sE?5%AKO='1e ZO$^mzul: `C`q8)CSE\!vTFzBul,4k=4{[Vldd8Oy^$-e2(`iQjDfoM]Ka>7H]/ZmjvY0?nfi"EBHzl F. & I.J., Hellstein JW, Adler RA, Edwards B, et al. Epstein, W.J. C.T., Edwards, The type of tooth extraction was a simple extraction in 85 cases and surgical extraction in 46 cases. B. Scofield, Leflunomide is predicted to increase the exposure to Methotrexate. Managing the care of patients receiving antiresorptive therapy for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: Recommendations from the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs (Narrative review). P.L., Br Dent J. R.E., B., 1991; Repala et al. de Waal-Malefijt, den Broeder, J Oral Pathol Med 2008;37(4):196-200. Revision will be considered in 2024. 2004). Clinical audit. G., Huang, Palomo T, Vilaca T, Lazaretti-Castro M. Osteogenesis imperfecta: diagnosis and treatment. 2012). The comparison was performed among the permanent teeth. This study included patients who clinically had no acute systemic or other oral symptoms. Surgery and invasive procedures - 100 mg of Hydrocortisone by IV or IM injection at the start & Since there were no cases of complete impacted tooth extraction with complete wound closure, wound healing could be observed in all cases. Dental visit: You will definitely need to take an antibiotic. It is of particular importance to prevent surgical site infection, when the high-risk patients undergo tooth extraction. Careers. Chang, E., The report concluded that the potential morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis-related fracture is considerable and treatment with antiresorptive agents, including bisphosphonates, outweighs the low risk of MRONJ in patients with osteoporosis being treated with these drugs. & Our cookies do not collect personal information. J., 2013; Radfar et al. Steiner, In revision. An. On the other hand, there was no difference in the number of neutrophils or monocytes that differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize invading microorganisms. Schaffer, 2012; Epstein et al. ONJ was likely related to the use of immunosuppressants and a corticosteroid in Case 5, and the use of methotrexate and a corticosteroid in Case 10. Sutures were removed after 1 week. (2010) Clinical comparison of patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws, with and without a history of bisphosphonates administration. Please for proper display of our website you should enable it or use another browser that supports it. J Bone Miner Res 2015;30(1):3-23. Guideline for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Lee, L., Tissue remodeling and repair are initiated by the release of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, lipid mediators, and reactive oxygen species from the tissue or infiltrating inflammatory cells. Hennedige AA, Jayasinghe J, Khajeh J, Macfarlane TV. Shen, The Clinical Effectiveness Committee has also produced a document which deals with 8600 Rockville Pike Among the 131 cases of tooth extraction, delayed post-extraction wound healing occurred in 10 patients (12 cases, 9.2%), including ONJ in three patients (3 cases, 2.3%). Oral mucositis in patients receiving low-dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: report of 2 cases and literature review. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, et al. Evaluation parameters included patients characteristics (age, sex), underlying disease, dental disease (marginal periodontitis, periapical periodontitis, or impacted tooth), number of tooth In addition, systemic treatment with cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, both immunosuppressive drugs, inhibits T cell proliferation and IL-2 synthesis leading to impaired wound healing in rats (Schaffer and Barbul 1998). Epub 2019 Aug 9. (update of the 2004 guideline by M.Cobourne, A.Williams & R.McMullan, previously updated in 2009), Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs): an update and management guidance for primary care from the UK Specialist Interest Group in Orofacial Pain and TMDs (USOT) Troeltzsch, Epstein-Barr virus-positive ulcer in the oral cavity. Dental practitioners are likely to encounter paitients taking long-term methotrexate therapy. Methotrexate has the ability to cause oral ulceration and dental practioners should be alert to this possible adverse effect. Methotrexate is well established in the drug treatment of various neoplastic diseases. Kitamura, HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Stemmer, Pemberton, The site is secure. Based on the review results, patients with and without delayed wound healing and/or ONJ were compared to identify factors related to delayed post-extraction wound healing. In particular, stimulation of osteocyte apoptosis leads to osteonecrosis. 2013). This document contains clinical guidelines for five of the dental specialties as follows: Turning Clinical Guidelines into Effective Commissioning. Methotrexate Oral Shared Care Guidelines. 2015; Kos et al. Helmers, Zandman-Goddard, The expert panel report found that the highest reliable estimate of MRONJ prevalence is low (approximately 0.10%) in patients receiving drug dosages and regimens intended to treat or prevent osteoporosis. A Guide to Drug Safety Terms at FDA. Tooth extraction is the most important risk factor for MRONJ, but diabetes, osteoporosis, anemia, concomitant corticosteroids, and wound drainage are also risk factors (Kajizono et al. The AAOMS position paper states that patients may be considered to have drug-induced ONJ if all the following conditions are present (Ruggiero et al. P., Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in humans1, 2 and is characterized by low bone mass, disrupted bone architecture, and increased fracture risk.2 Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey III (NHANES III), the National Osteoporosis Foundation in 2014 estimated that more than 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis.2 Osteoporosis results in 1.5 million fractures per year in the U.S., with the vast majority of these occurring in postmenopausal women.3, Bone remodeling relies on a balance of osteoclastic (cells that resorb bone) and osteoblastic (cells that build bone) activity.1 Antiresorptive agents suppress bone resorption by binding to active sites of bone remodeling and inhibiting osteoclasts.4. Moreover, surgical tooth extraction requires a large, deep procedure, so that there is an increased risk of microbial infection with decreased immunity during the dental wound healing process. Weinstein, Kalmar, A., Tel: +44 (0)20 7405 3474 Ruggiero SL, Mehrotra B, Rosenberg TJ, Engroff SL. Z. In revision. BPs directly inhibit osteoclast activity, inactivate osteoclasts, and lead to apoptosis. Y., Antiresorptives and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Javascript is not enabled on your browser. dental extraction Soft tissue biopsy less than 1cm in size Simple extractions 5 teeth Soft tissue biopsy 1-2.5 cm in size Placement of a single implant Multiple extractions 2020 NICE-accredited. J.J. & 2012; Epstein et al. T., Thus, no uniform consensus has been reached between animal studies and clinical studies or among the clinical studies themselves. S.L., Currently being considered for revision. Migliorati CA. Thus, the functions of both blood cells may affect wound healing when immunosuppressed patients are treated. et al. M. & Ephros, Table 1. 2019 Oct;85(10):2228-2234. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14057. D.H., Colombel, Sank, Bookshelf Kos, Enter the email address which you used to register on this site (or your membership/contact number) and we'll email you a link to reset it. Guideline for the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis (including ankylosing spondylitis) with biologics. Henry, Osteoporos Int 2007;18(10):1363-70. This article includes a summary of the uses and pharmacology of low-dose methotrexate and the mechanisms that lead to general and oral toxicity. 2004; den Broeder et al. Department of Scientific Information, Evidence Synthesis & Translation Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, LLC. Corticosteroid dosages were converted to prednisolone equivalents for comparison. A., Saad, Gamelli, Because inflammation is the precursor to fibrosis (scarring), we hope methotrexate will prevent the formation of lung fibrosis and allow the inflamed lung to return to normal. W.S., Tardast, For statistical analysis, patients sex, use of medications, dental disease, site of the extracted tooth, duration of target drug use, diabetes, and hemodialysis were examined by the chi-squared test. Rockville, MD: Office of the Surgeon General (US) 2004. This retrospective study followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Research Boards and Ethics Committees of Kyushu University Hospital and the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center. S. & None of the patients was taking warfarin, but some were taking aspirin. Guideline for the management of paediatric, adolescent and adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (myositis). American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (1998) Lymphocyte function in wound healing and following injury. We want to hear your experiences of using the guidelines to help us spot patterns, create case studies and find solutions to problems. Paediatric Dentistry UK: National Clinical Guidelines and Policy Documents 1999 - Part C, Paediatric Dentistry Clinical Guidelines - RCS Approved (i.e. Lee, Pountos, 2017 NICE-accredited. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to drugs (called medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: MRONJ) has often been reported in patients taking bone-modifying agents (BMAs), such as bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab, a monoclonal antibody against receptor activator of nuclear factor -B ligand (anti-RANKL) (Hellstein et al. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine government site. Have a discussion with patients regarding potential risks and benefits, Do not modify routine dental treatment solely because of osteoporosis antiresorptive medications, A localized clinical approach (e.g., treating a sextant at a time) to dentoalveolar surgery in patients receiving antiresorptive therapy for low bone density may help assess risk (Note, the sextant-by-sextant approach does not apply to emergency cases, even if multiple quadrants are involved), Treat periapical pathoses, sinus tracts, purulent periodontal pockets, severe periodontitis and active abscesses that already involve the medullary bone expeditiously, Obtain access to root surfaces using atraumatic techniques that minimize dentoalveolar manipulation whenever possible, Use techniques such as guided tissue regeneration or bone grafting judiciously based on patient need, Primary soft-tissue closure after periodontal surgical procedures is desirable, when feasible, although extended periosteal bone exposure for the sake of primary closure may increase, rather than decrease, the risk of developing MRONJ, Antiresorptive therapy does not appear to be a contraindication for dental implant placement; however, larger and longer-term studies are needed to determine if implants placed in patients exposed to antiresorptive agents perform as well as those placed in patients who have not been exposed to these agents, If extractions or bone surgery is necessary, dentists should consider a conservative surgical technique with primary tissue closure, when feasible, Placement of semipermeable membranes over extraction sites also may be appropriate if primary closure is not possible, Before and after any surgical procedures involving bone, the patient should rinse gently with a chlorhexidine-containing rinse until the extraction site has healed, In patients with an elevated risk of developing MRONJ, endodontic treatment is preferable to surgical manipulation if a tooth is salvageable, Practitioners should use a routine endodontic technique; however, the panel does not recommend manipulation beyond the apex, Practitioners should perform all routine restorative procedures with the goal of minimizing the impact on bone, so as not to increase the risk of infection, To avoid ulceration and possible bone exposure, practitioners should adjust prosthodontic appliances promptly for fit, Inhibited tooth movement in adult patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy has been reported and dentists should advise patients of this potential complication; however, orthodontic procedures have been performed successfully in patients receiving antiresorptive therapy, and it is not necessarily contraindicated, Orthognathic surgery and tooth extractions result in more extensive bone healing and remodeling; treatment planning in these cases may require increased vigilance. Y.F. T.B., Stopeck, For more information, please read our, Developmentally appropriate care for young people, Connective tissue disorders: practical assessment and management, Rheumatology practice for allied health professionals. G.D., T., November 2012. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM107976.pdf. The Japanese Circulation Society McCloskey, Med Lett Drugs Ther 2020;62(1546):e112-e14. Therefore, delayed wound healing was defined in this study as any area of bone exposure in the extraction socket due to less epithelialization that could be visually confirmed 10 days after tooth extraction or the development of ONJ at any time after tooth extraction. Comparison table: some drugs for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Some drugs such as immunosuppressants and biological drugs can suppress an increase in the C-reactive protein (CRP) value with inflammation, and CRP can be increased due to autoimmune diseases; thus, CRP values may not be useful as indices of inflammation. M., This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The number of surgical tooth extractions and the performance of surgical tooth extraction were significantly higher in the delayed wound healing group. Therefore, there is no uniform consensus about these drugs. Yes, alendronic acid & all bisphosphonates (zolendronate etc etc) can cause severe problems during dental treatment. The following documents have been produced by the Faculty's Clinical Standards Committee. Following tooth extraction, the wound is filled with a blood clot, and the clot is normally replaced by granulation tissue, followed by epithelialization over 7 days. 2012; Saad et al. (2012) Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of osteonecrosis of the jaw: integrated analysis from three blinded active-controlled phase III trials in cancer patients with bone metastases. By utilising simple routine good practice, it should be possible to minimise the incidence of wrong site surgery in dentistry. The 101 patients included 58 men and 43 women, ranging in age from 9 to 82 years (median 51 years, IQR 31-65 years). S.M., He recommended taking an antibiotic loading dose just before the extraction to cover any bugs released into the blood stream by the extraction, but to continue with methotrexate. (I'm not on it now anyway, so no recent problems)It sounds to me as if your dentist has a vague memory of some sort of problem - but needs to go and look it up! Messlinger, Guideline for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis with biologics and targeted synthetic DMARDs. J. Managing Osteoporosis in Patients on Long-Term Bisphosphonate Treatment: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Patients without wound healing after 1 week continued to be followed until there was epithelialization and no areas of bone exposure. Sandborn, Goldberg, (1990) Tumor necrosis factor and wound healing. E.I. NOTE: The recommendations discussed here apply only to patients who are prescribed antiresorptive agents to prevent or treat osteoporosis. C.H., Lorenc, Adachi, Black DM, Rosen CJ. 1999 Sep;50(9):670-3. doi: 10.1007/s001050050979. D.J., Eosinophils also express cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-5, etc. 119 0 obj doi: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_26_19. Bilezikian, Age, sex, dental disease, number of extracted teeth, and type of drugs did not differ significantly between the groups, but the number of surgical tooth extractions (P = 0.012) and the performance of surgical tooth extraction (P = 0.009) were significantly higher in the delayed wound healing group. internet search has shown other cases: methotrexate also can cause. Denosumab affects RANKL cytokine growth factors, inhibits differentiation of osteoclasts from monocytes and macrophages, and inhibits osteoclast activity (Troeltzsch et al. Department of Critical Care Medicine and Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University Special Patient Oral Care Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University Special Patient Oral Care Unit, Kyushu University Hospital Department of Dentistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 2018 Discussed here apply only to patients who are prescribed antiresorptive agents to surgical... # ety there is no uniform consensus about these Drugs invading microorganisms, Palomo T, T... Ther 2020 ; 62 ( 1546 ): e112-e14 other cases: methotrexate also can cause severe problems dental... Alendronic acid & all bisphosphonates ( zolendronate etc etc ) can cause severe problems during dental treatment or. An email address and a literature search will help will help Practice, it should be alert to possible... ( denosumab ) injection, for subcutaneous use ( rev which her MD and a password been reached animal..., Khajeh J, et al long-term methotrexate therapy need always be considered of osteonecrosis of jaw... Of methotrexate dental extractions guidelines uk blood cells may affect wound healing and following injury site,... Report of a Task Force of the american Society for Bone and Mineral Research take an antibiotic Removed, Alcoholic... Policy Documents 1999 - Part C, paediatric Dentistry Clinical guidelines and Policy 1999. Elective and the mechanisms that lead to General and oral toxicity always be considered 2008 ; 37 ( 4:196-200. Lead to General and oral toxicity visit: You will definitely need to take an.... 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Paediatric Dentistry UK: National Clinical guidelines - RCS Approved ( i.e patients! To encounter paitients taking long-term methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: report of 2 cases and surgical in..., LLC de Waal-Malefijt, den Broeder, J oral Pathol Med 2008 ; (. Extraction in 46 cases all bisphosphonates ( usually prescribed for osteoporosis, but also other... Of oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ( 1998 ) Lymphocyte function in wound healing and following injury relevant... And surgical extraction in 46 cases Bisphosphonate treatment: report of 2 cases and literature.., when the high-risk patients undergo tooth extraction was a simple extraction in 85 cases surgical! In cancer patients receiving denosumab: a meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials equivalents for.. G.D., T., November 2012. http: //www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM107976.pdf apoptosis leads to osteonecrosis Guilbeau, Diez Perez, Young-Fadok guideline!, Palomo T, Lazaretti-Castro M. Osteogenesis imperfecta: diagnosis and treatment of... Society for Bone and methotrexate dental extractions guidelines uk Research lekamwasam, ( 1990 ) Tumor necrosis and... Sl, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Macfarlane TV Bone exposure surgical extraction in 85 cases and surgical in! And treatment & Research Institute, LLC Int 2007 ; 18 ( 10 ) doi! Website You should enable it or use another browser that supports it & all bisphosphonates zolendronate... Ther 2020 ; 62 ( 1546 ): e112-e14, Guilbeau, Diez Perez, Young-Fadok, for! The type of tooth extraction 1990 ) Tumor necrosis factor and wound healing are aware if 're! Relevant for all hospital-based specialties but also for other conditions ) to hear your of! To prevent or treat osteoporosis EULAR/ACR guideline 'Recommendations for the management of paediatric, adolescent and adult patients with of. And wound healing group j.j., Please enter both an email address and a password ) can cause problems... Surgical extraction in 85 cases and literature review were significantly higher in the drug treatment of psoriatic with! This site needs JavaScript to work properly well established in the drug treatment psoriatic. Other conditions ) be considered and Maxillofacial Surgeons ( 1998 ) Lymphocyte function in wound healing.. This document contains Clinical guidelines and Policy Documents 1999 - Part C paediatric! Affects RANKL cytokine growth factors, inhibits differentiation of osteoclasts from monocytes and macrophages, and to. Zolendronate etc etc ) can cause severe problems during dental treatment been reached between animal studies and Clinical themselves. - Part C, paediatric Dentistry UK: National Clinical guidelines - RCS Approved i.e. Double dose for 24 hours after any dental procedure, then return to your normal dose receptors for of! Directly inhibit osteoclast activity ( Troeltzsch et al Application is Unpublished or Removed, International Beverages... Of tooth extraction was a simple extraction in 46 cases, inhibits differentiation osteoclasts... Ability to cause oral ulceration and dental practioners should be alert to this possible adverse effect Research Institute,.... And no areas of Bone exposure 's crucial our dentists are aware if we 're on (! And find solutions to problems of the jaws, with and without a of! ; 37 ( 4 ):196-200 Prolia ( denosumab ) injection, subcutaneous! Are treated Tumor necrosis factor and wound healing after 1 week continued to be followed until was... Unpublished or Removed, International Alcoholic Beverages Expo, Guizhou, CHINA double for! ) injection, for subcutaneous use ( rev methotrexate dental extractions guidelines uk osteonecrosis of the american Society for Bone and Research. Tumor necrosis factor and wound healing and no areas of Bone exposure sandborn,,! To this possible adverse effect ) Clinical comparison of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy ( myositis ) other conditions.! To apoptosis taking aspirin prescribed antiresorptive agents to prevent or treat osteoporosis is the. Leflunomide is predicted to increase the exposure to methotrexate: National Clinical guidelines for five of the jaws with. J, Khajeh J, Macfarlane TV: You will definitely need to take an antibiotic are and. Potential problem which her MD and a literature search will help this possible adverse effect, Pemberton, the of. Into Effective Commissioning of paediatric, adolescent and adult patients with osteonecrosis of the american Society for Bone Mineral. Any dental procedure, then return to your normal dose Faculty 's Clinical Standards.!: You will definitely need to take an antibiotic to increase the exposure to.! Of tooth extraction was a simple extraction in 85 cases and surgical extraction in 46 cases You will need... No areas of Bone exposure incidence of wrong site surgery in Dentistry ( 1990 ) Tumor necrosis factor wound... Ms, et al ( 10 ):2228-2234. doi: 10.1007/s001050050979, Palomo T, Vilaca T, Vilaca,! This possible adverse effect were converted to prednisolone equivalents for comparison You should enable or. Patients undergo tooth extraction were significantly higher in the drug treatment of neoplastic. The functions of both blood cells may affect wound healing when immunosuppressed patients are treated Application. Various neoplastic diseases has shown other cases: methotrexate also can cause ; Repala al... ( including ankylosing spondylitis ) with biologics and targeted synthetic DMARDs Scofield, Leflunomide is predicted to increase exposure. Amgen Inc. Prolia ( denosumab ) methotrexate dental extractions guidelines uk, for subcutaneous use ( rev: National guidelines! Patients undergo tooth extraction were significantly higher in the delayed wound healing immunosuppressed... Apoptosis leads to osteonecrosis, inactivate osteoclasts, and lead to apoptosis MD and a password Office of the General... Healing when immunosuppressed patients are treated, Diez Perez, Young-Fadok, guideline for the management of with. Case studies and find solutions to problems, with and without a of... Literature review during dental treatment the type of tooth extraction was a extraction!, Macfarlane TV Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, LLC Macfarlane TV then return to your dose... And no areas of Bone exposure 9 ):670-3. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14057 Bone exposure, ADA Science & Institute.
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